Depressive Symptoms, Resilience, and Psychological Well-Being Among Older Adults with Non-Communicable Diseases: A Correlational Study

Made Dian Shanti Kusuma; Ida Ayu Putri Wulandari; I Gusti Ayu Rai Rahayuni; Anak Agung Ayu Yuliati Darmini

doi:10.35816/jiksh.v15i1.264

Authors

Made Dian Shanti Kusuma Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health, Institut Teknologi dan Kesehatan Bali, Bali https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0988-4370
Ida Ayu Putri Wulandari Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health, Institut Teknologi dan Kesehatan Bali, Bali https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1599-8884
I Gusti Ayu Rai Rahayuni Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health, Institut Teknologi dan Kesehatan Bali, Bali https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8463-8911
Anak Agung Ayu Yuliati Darmini Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Health, Institut Teknologi dan Kesehatan Bali https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1886-0239

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35816/jiksh.v15i1.264

Keywords:

Aged, Depression, Mental Health, Noncommunicable Diseases, Psychological Resilience

Abstract

Introduction: Older adults with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are vulnerable to psychological challenges, including depressive symptoms and reduced psychological well-being. Resilience is recognized as a protective factor that may buffer these negative effects. This study aimed to examine the relationships between depressive symptoms, resilience, and psychological well-being among older adults with NCDs.

Research Methodology: A quantitative study with a cross-sectional correlational design was conducted among 54 older adults selected using total sampling. Data were collected using standardized instruments: the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10), and Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation test to assess relationships between variables.

Results: The findings showed significant correlations among all variables. Depressive symptoms were strongly negatively correlated with resilience (r = −0.906; p = 0.005) and psychological well-being (r = −0.860; p = 0.013). Resilience demonstrated a strong positive correlation with psychological well-being (r = 0.835; p = 0.019). These results indicate that higher depressive symptoms are associated with lower resilience and psychological well-being, while higher resilience is associated with better psychological well-being.

Conclusion: Depressive symptoms, resilience, and psychological well-being are significantly interrelated in older adults with NCDs. Interventions focusing on reducing depressive symptoms and strengthening resilience may improve psychological well-being. Integrating mental health screening and resilience-based interventions into routine care for older adults is recommended to enhance overall quality of life.

References

Anisman, H., Doubad, D., Asokumar, A., & Matheson, K. (2024). Psychosocial and neurobiological aspects of the worldwide refugee crisis: From vulnerability to resilience. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 165, 105859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105859

Balsara, K., Iftikhar, A., Animashaun, E., Assari, S., & Zare, H. (2025). Exploring the relationship between depressive symptoms, allostatic load, and income inequality in US adults aged 20 and older. Social Science & Medicine, 384, 118594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118594

Bansod, D. W., & Mandi, R. (2025). Thriving in golden years: Promoting psychological well-being for healthy aging in India. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Plus, 2(1), 100127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aggp.2025.100127

Bertollo, A. G., Capitanio, M. Z., Schuh, L. A., Pradella, N., & Ignácio, Z. M. (2025). Habits and vulnerability or resilience to stress – Impact on depressive disorders. Behavioural Brain Research, 490, 115630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115630

Ciubuc-Batcu, M. T., Stapelberg, N. J. C., Headrick, J. P., & Renshaw, G. M. C. (2024). A mitochondrial nexus in major depressive disorder: Integration with the psycho-immune-neuroendocrine network. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease, 1870(2), 166920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166920

Davoodian, N., Forbes, M., Berk, M., Clayton-Chubb, D., Huxley, R. R., Lee, C. M. Y., Lotfaliany, M., McNeil, J. J., Pasco, J. A., Polkinghorne, K. R., Roebuck, G., Ryan, J., Tonkin, A. M., Woods, R. L., & Mohebbi, M. (2025). Contribution of depression and cardiometabolic diseases and the role of depression treatment in survival and functioning in older adults. EClinicalMedicine, 82, 103182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103182

De Oliveira, A. P., Loesch, R., Conceição, C., & Fronteira, I. (2026). Mental health as a non-communicable disease among refugees, asylum seekers, and beneficiaries of subsidiary protection: A scoping review. Journal of Migration and Health, 13, 100404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2026.100404

Doğan, P., Tarhan, M., & Kürklü, A. (2026). Identifying early healthcare needs of older adults following the Kahramanmaras earthquakes in Türkiye: A qualitative study. Geriatric Nursing, 67, 103720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2025.103720

Farida Latif, Sri Wahyuni, & Sarifudin Andi Latif. (2025). Effectiveness of audio-visual and poster media in improving handwashing knowledge among adolescents. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Sandi Husada, 14(2), 360–367. https://doi.org/10.35816/jiksh.v14i2.282

Flores, S., Vilela-Estrada, A. L., Carbonel, A., Bernabé-Ortiz, A., Sureshkumar, D. S., Fung, C., Brusco, L. I., Olivar, N., Carbonetti, F. L., Gómez-Restrepo, C., Ariza-Salazar, K., Diez-Canseco, F., & Priebe, S. (2025). Does Social Support Modify the Association Between Having a Severely Ill or Injured Relative or Partner With Mental Distress Among Latin American Adolescents and Young Adults? Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 54, 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2025.07.003

Ge, J., Chen, M., Xiong, X., & Zhai, Y. (2026). Bidirectional associations between socioeconomic status, physical activity, and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults: A cross-lagged prospective cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 403, 121334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2026.121334

Giurca, B. C., Lau, M., & Fallows, E. (2025). Lifestyle medicine: bridging behavioural science and clinical care. Clinics in Integrated Care, 33, 100288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcar.2025.100288

Izquierdo, M., de Souto Barreto, P., Arai, H., Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Cadore, E. L., Cesari, M., Chen, L.-K., Coen, P. M., Courneya, K. S., Duque, G., Ferrucci, L., Fielding, R. A., García-Hermoso, A., Gutiérrez-Robledo, L. M., Harridge, S. D. R., Kirk, B., Kritchevsky, S., Landi, F., Lazarus, N., … Fiatarone Singh, M. A. (2025). Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR). The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 29(1), 100401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100401

Maisonnave, I. G. W., Printes, C. B., Brauner, F. de O., Griebler, D., & Baptista, R. R. (2026). Psychological and functional outcomes of a community-based physical activity program for older adults: A prospective study in Brazil. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Plus, 3(1), 100254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aggp.2026.100254

Megari, K., & Argyriadou, E. (2025). Mental health and psychological well-being of incarcerated individuals: A narrative review. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 9(4), 100606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100606

Mezza, F., Lemmo, D., Bianco, A., Cuomo, A., & Freda, M. F. (2025). Understanding self-care behaviors in older adults with chronic diseases: The influence of personal views on aging and illness perceptions. Geriatric Nursing, 66, 103694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2025.103694

Millar, S. R., Harrington, J. M., Perry, I. J., & Phillips, C. M. (2024). Lifestyle factors and BMI attenuate relationships between biomarkers of inflammation and depressive symptoms and well-being: A cross-sectional study. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health, 37, 100759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100759

Mohd Tamil, A., Ismail, N. H., Jaafar, M. H., Md Isa, Z., Ismail, R., Mat Nasir, N., Miskan, M., Zainol Abidin, N., Ab Razak, N. H., Joundi, R., & Yusof, K. H. (2024). Depressive symptoms among adults: Baseline findings of PURE Malaysia cohort study. Heliyon, 10(1), e23042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23042

Ouyang, X., Deng, W., Li, Y., Zou, Y., Yan, W., Yang, F., Zhu, J., & Tong, F. (2026). Analysis of depression status and influencing factors in older women with cardiometabolic-based chronic disease under Health Ecology Model. Journal of Affective Disorders, 395, 120774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120774

Reichelt, P., Schumacher, A., Meyer, N., & Zenclussen, A. (2025). Climate change and child health: The growing burden of climate-related adverse health outcomes. Environmental Research, 285, 122502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.122502

Srambikkal Vinesh, D., Syed Altaf, R. R., Mohan, A., Palani, N., Mendonce, K. C., Selvan, S., Surya, P., & Rajadesingu, S. (2026). The Mediterranean diet as a metabolic strategy for healthy aging and non-communicable disease prevention. The Journal of Nutritional Physiology, 5, 100015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnphys.2026.100015

Suprapto, S., Andi Latif, S., Nurhanifah, D., Yunus, M., & Ajeng Wijayanti, L. (2025). How is Quality in Homecare Services Created? A Qualitative Study of Health Professional Perspectives. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 21(2), 485–496. https://doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v21i2.31257

Ticinesi, A., Zuliani, G., Spaggiari, R., Volpato, S., Maggi, S., & Franceschi, C. (2026). The social microbiome of older people. Ageing Research Reviews, 115, 103008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2025.103008

Wu, Y. (2025). The association between retirement status and depressive symptoms in Chinese retirees: the interaction with self-assessed health. Geriatric Nursing, 65, 103592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2025.103592

Zhou, X., Liu, X., Tan, Y., & Wang, J. (2026). Does social participation buffer the association? Adverse childhood experiences and 10-year depression symptom trajectories in middle-aged and older Chinese. Journal of Affective Disorders, 397, 120897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120897

Zhu, L., Luo, Z., Shan, S., Hou, L., Liu, X., Zhu, Y., & Song, P. (2025). The effects of adverse childhood experiences on pregnancy loss and mental health outcomes among rural Chinese women: A causal machine learning approach. Child Abuse & Neglect, 169, 107753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107753