Ethical Adherence

This journal requires all submitted research to comply with applicable ethical standards for the protection of human participants, animal welfare, and research integrity. Authors must provide clear statements regarding ethical approval, informed consent where relevant, and disclosure of any potential conflicts of interest.

Studies in Human and Animal

Research involving human participants, human material, or human data must comply with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki or other relevant ethical guidelines and must receive approval from an appropriate ethics committee or institutional review board. Research involving vulnerable groups, such as unconscious patients, or situations involving possible coercion, as well as cases in which consent may not have been fully informed, will be assessed at the editor’s discretion and may require additional review by an internal editorial oversight group.

For studies involving human transplantation, authors must confirm that no organs or tissues were obtained and must identify the institutions, clinics, or departments from which the organs or tissues were sourced. Authors may also be required to provide documentary evidence of ethical compliance upon request.

Research involving animal experiments requires authors to carefully assess the potential harm to animals, including consideration of the procedures performed and the number and species of animals used. All animal experiments must comply with applicable institutional and national guidelines, and the manuscript must explicitly state that every possible effort was made to minimize animal suffering.

Informed Consent

Authors must confirm that informed consent was obtained from all human participants involved in the study. For participants who are children or adolescents under 18 years of age, informed consent must be obtained from parents or legal guardians, and assent from the participants should be obtained where appropriate. This statement must be clearly included in the manuscript.

Consent is also required for the collection, use, and publication of any personally identifiable information, including biomedical, clinical, and biometric data. Where applicable, authors may be asked to provide documentary evidence of informed consent upon request.

Conflict of Interest

Authors must disclose any actual or potential conflicts of interest, including financial, personal, institutional, or professional relationships that may affect the conduct, interpretation, or reporting of the research. In cases where an editor is listed as an author or co-author of a manuscript, that editor shall have no involvement in the editorial evaluation, peer review process, or final publication decision. Responsibility for handling the manuscript will be assigned to an independent editor to safeguard fairness, objectivity, and editorial integrity.